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Browse our most commonly requested biomarkers
Neurofilament Light Chain Assay
Neurofilament light chain (NfL, or Nf-Light) is a 68 kDa intermediate filament protein expressed specifically in neurons. Together with neurofilament medium (NfM, 125 kDa) and neurofilament heavy (NfH, 200 kDa), NfL forms neurofilaments, which are major components of the neuronal cytoskeleton. These structures provide mechanical support to axons and help regulate axonal diameter.
During neuroaxonal injury or degeneration, NfL is released into the extracellular space and can subsequently be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Because elevated NfL levels reflect neuroaxonal damage regardless of the underlying cause, NfL has emerged as a sensitive biomarker across a wide range of neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and traumatic brain injury.
As a result, NfL is considered a promising biomarker for assessing disease activity, progression, prognosis, and response to therapy. The ability to reliably measure NfL in both CSF and blood further supports its potential for routine clinical and research applications.
Available on the following platforms:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
The Quanterix Simoa® NfL assay is a digital immunoassay intended for the measurement of NfL in human plasma, serum, and CSF samples and mouse serum and plasma. The antibodies also cross-react with bovine and macaque NfL epitopes, making it possible to use this assay for research in these species.
The NF-Light Advantage PLUS Reagent Kit from Quanterix has proven to be a highly valuable tool in the accurate measurement of neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels across a range of biofluids, including serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This kit has been extensively utilized in various neurological and neurodegenerative studies, providing critical insights into disease progression and treatment efficacy. It has enabled precise quantification of NfL in conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The NF-Light Advantage PLUS Reagent Kit has been instrumental in distinguishing between different disease states, monitoring disease severity, and aiding in the development of targeted therapies and diagnostic tools. Additionally, its ultrasensitive single molecule array (Simoa) technology has facilitated the identification of NfL as a valuable biomarker for neuroaxonal damage and neurodegeneration, contributing significantly to our understanding of these complex conditions.
Also Available As Panel Assays:
Fujirebio Lumipulse G1200
Fujirebio’s Lumipulse G NfL Blood and CSF assayshave demonstrated broad utility across neurodegenerative and neurological disease research, providing precise, reproducible, and automated measurement of neurofilament light chain (NfL) on the Lumipulse G platform. Together, these assays have been used extensively in studies of Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), prion diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI), peripheral neuropathies, cognitive decline, major depressive disorder, and other neurological conditions. The assays have contributed to disease diagnosis, prognosis, patient stratification, and treatment monitoring by enabling reliable quantification of NfL in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Their high sensitivity, low variability, and strong agreement with other NfL measurement platforms have supported multicenter studies, assay harmonization efforts, and the development of clinically meaningful diagnostic cutoffs and age-adjusted frameworks. Additionally, the strong correlation between blood and CSF NfL measurements has enhanced understanding of neurodegenerative disease progression, neuroaxonal injury, and biomarker-based clinical decision-making. Through their accuracy, reliability, and high-throughput chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay technology, the Lumipulse G NfL Blood and CSF assays have become valuable tools for advancing biomarker research and supporting the clinical evaluation of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is a crucial class-III intermediate filament predominantly found in astrocytic glial cells within the central nervous system (CNS). These astrocytes play vital roles in supporting, nurturing, and signaling neuronal functions.In addition to its role in maintaining CNS architecture, GFAP is involved in essential processes such as cell communication and the functioning of the blood-brain barrier.
This multifunctional protein serves as a potential biomarker associated with various neurological conditions.
Available on the following platforms:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
The GFAP Advantage PLUS Kit from Quanterix has been validated across numerous studies for its precise and sensitive measurement of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in plasma, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid. This Advantage Assay, part of the Simoa technology platform, has demonstrated high accuracy and reliability in quantifying GFAP levels, providing critical insights into astroglial activation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. These capabilities have been crucial in advancing research in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. The GFAP Advantage PLUS Kit has enabled the differentiation of disease states, assessment of disease severity, and evaluation of therapeutic interventions. Performance metrics, including low intraassay coefficients of variation and high correlation coefficients, underscore the robustness and reliability of this kit in neuroscientific research.
The Simoa® GFAP Advantage PLUS assay is an ultra-sensitive immunoassay intended for the measurement of GFAP in human CSF and EDTA plasma samples.
Also Available As Panel Assays:
N2PB Advantage PLUS (NfL, GFAP)
Fujirebio Lumipulse G1200
Immunoassay to be used with the automated LUMIPULSE G Analyzer for the quantitative measurement of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) in human blood.
This product is For Research Use Only (RUO), not for use in diagnostic procedures.
Abbott i-STAT Alinity
The i-STAT TBI test is a panel of in vitro diagnostic immunoassays for the quantitative measurements of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) in whole blood and a semi-quantitative interpretation of test results derived from these measurements, using the i-STAT Alinity instrument.
The interpretation of test results is used, in conjunction with other clinical information, to aid in the evaluation of patients, 18 years of age or older, presenting with suspected mild traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score 13-15) which may include one of the following four clinical criteria: 1) any period of loss of consciousness, 2) any loss of memory for events immediately before and after the accident, 3) any alteration in mental state at the time of accident, and/or 4) focal neurological deficits, within 24 hours of injury, to assist in determining the need for a CT (computed tomography) scan of the head. A ‘Not Elevated’ test interpretation is associated with the absence of acute traumatic intracranial lesions visualized on a head CT scan.
The test is to be used with venous whole blood collected with EDTA anticoagulant in point-of-care or clinical laboratory setting by a healthcare professional.
p-Tau 217
Threonine 217 is one of the critical phosphorylation sites in tau, making p-Tau 217 a significant biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. Research shows that p-Tau 217 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood are significantly elevated in patients with Alzheimer’s, even in the early stages, indicating its potential as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool. Furthermore, studies have shown that p-Tau 217 can help differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other forms of dementia, such as Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal dementia.
Available on the following platforms:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
The Quanterix Simoa® ALZpath p-Tau 217 assay is validated for use in discovery and diagnostic research applications. The Simoa® ALZpath p-Tau 217 assay targets the proline-rich region of the Tau protein, which is highly conserved amongst the tau isoforms.
Quanterix‘s ALZpath p-Tau 217 Advantage PLUS assay, powered by Simoa technology, has proven highly effective in measuring plasma p-Tau 217 levels, serving as a crucial biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This assay’s high sensitivity and specificity have enabled precise quantification, significantly advancing our understanding of AD pathology and the differentiation between AD and other neurodegenerative conditions. Studies utilizing the ALZpath p-Tau 217 Advantage PLUS have successfully identified correlations between p-Tau 217 levels and cognitive impairment, amyloid-beta positivity, and tau pathology. The Simoa platform has facilitated the ultra-sensitive detection of p-Tau 217, allowing for accurate biomarker profiling and the differentiation between amyloid-positive and amyloid-negative individuals. Furthermore, the assay has been pivotal in predicting brain amyloid positivity, assessing the risk of cognitive decline, and identifying the timing and trajectories of plasma p-Tau 217 changes relative to amyloid and tau onset. The ALZpath p-Tau 217 Advantage PLUS has also been instrumental in establishing diagnostic cut-off points, making it a robust screening tool for AD diagnosis and monitoring. Its performance has been validated across diverse cohorts, enhancing its clinical utility.
Fujirebio Lumipulse G1200
Fujirebio’s Lumipulse G pTau 217 Plasma assay is an automated chemiluminescence-based immunoassay designed for quantitative measurement of phosphorylated tau at threonine 217 in human plasma using the Lumipulse G system. The assay has been extensively validated across diverse clinical and research settings for its application in Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and biomarker assessment. The product demonstrates strong analytical performance, with inter- and intra-assay precision supporting reliable and reproducible measurements. Studies have documented the assay’s high diagnostic accuracy in detecting amyloid pathology and distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other neurodegenerative conditions. In clinical memory clinic settings, the assay has achieved high accuracy for detecting amyloid beta status and predicting disease progression. The assay correlates strongly with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and imaging markers such as amyloid and tau positron emission tomography, establishing plasma p-tau217 as an effective blood-based surrogate for conventional neuroimaging and invasive diagnostic methods. The Lumipulse G pTau 217 Plasma assay has proven effective across diverse populations and clinical contexts, from cognitively unimpaired older adults through symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease patients. When combined with amyloid-beta 42 measurements, the p-tau217/amyloid-beta ratio has improved diagnostic classification and reduced uncertainty in detecting amyloid positivity. Elevated plasma p-tau217 levels have been associated with cognitive decline, tau burden in specific brain regions, and neurodegeneration markers including brain atrophy and white matter microstructure changes. The assay has enabled longitudinal studies examining the temporal dynamics of tau pathology and its relationship to disease progression, supporting its role in early detection and prognostic assessment. The Lumipulse G pTau 217 Plasma assay has received FDA 510(k) clearance and CE-IVD certification, marking significant regulatory validation for clinical use. Its non-invasive nature compared to cerebrospinal fluid analysis or positron emission tomography imaging has expanded accessibility for early detection and diagnosis. The automation and standardized methodology support scalable screening and longitudinal monitoring in both research and clinical settings. The assay’s integration into clinical practice has facilitated screening for amyloid pathology, determination of eligibility for disease-modifying therapies, and streamlined participant enrollment in clinical trials, advancing the transition toward accessible blood-based biomarker testing for Alzheimer’s disease detection and monitoring.
Also available for Research Use Only in CSF.
Brain Derived Tau
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), although it is also found in peripheral tissues. While total Tau (T-Tau) measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an established biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the utility of blood T-Tau has been limited by its lack of CNS specificity, as a substantial proportion of circulating Tau originates from non-neuronal peripheral sources. To address this limitation, assays have been developed to selectively measure brain-derived Tau (BD-Tau), a CNS-specific form of Tau that improves the specificity of blood-based Tau testing for neurodegenerative disease.
BD-Tau consists predominantly of low molecular weight Tau isoforms that lack the large exon 4a peptide insert characteristic of many peripheral tissue Tau isoforms. By specifically targeting these CNS-derived isoforms, blood BD-Tau concentrations show a strong correlation with CSF T-Tau levels and provide a more accurate reflection of AD-related neurodegeneration. In addition to its potential role in the diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer’s disease, BD-Tau may also serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing neurological injury and recovery following severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) and ischemic stroke.
Available on the following platform:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
The Simoa® BD-Tau Advantage PLUS is a digital immunoassay intended for the measurement of BD-Tau in human plasma, serum, and CSF samples, facilitating research in neurodegenerative diseases. Quanterix’s BD-Tau Advantage PLUS has demonstrated exceptional utility in various studies as a singleplex Advantage assay kit for brain-derived tau (BD-tau). BD-Tau Advantage PLUS has shown high specificity and robustness, correlating strongly with clinical outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and aiding in the diagnosis and differentiation of cognitive conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and tau-first cognitive proteinopathy (TCP). It has been instrumental in categorizing participants into high- and low-risk groups based on biomarker positivity, facilitating the evaluation of cognitive and neurodegenerative trajectories. Additionally, BD-Tau Advantage PLUS has served as a benchmark for validating the performance and accuracy of newer assays, including the Lumipulse G assay and the Pitt-BD-tau assay, ensuring reliable quantification of BD-Tau in plasma, serum, and CSF. The assay has also been critical for subtyping dementia patients and understanding underlying neuropathology.
Total Tau
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that helps maintain neuronal structure and function. It is predominantly expressed in neurons of the central nervous system, with lower levels present in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Six major tau isoforms are found in the human brain, ranging in molecular weight from approximately 48 to 67 kDa.
Elevated tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases and following traumatic brain injury, reflecting neuronal damage and supporting its use as a biomarker of neuroaxonal injury. Because tau released into the CSF may cross the blood-brain barrier, blood-based measurements have the potential to serve as a minimally invasive indicator of pathological processes occurring within the brain.
Historically, the clinical utility of blood tau measurements has been limited by the protein’s extremely low circulating concentrations, typically in the low picogram-per-milliliter range. As a result, relatively few studies were able to reliably characterize tau in serum or plasma. However, advances in ultrasensitive digital immunoassay technologies have enabled more accurate detection of peripheral tau and have demonstrated elevated blood tau levels in conditions associated with brain injury, including hypoxic brain injury, sports-related concussion, and repetitive head trauma in athletes. These findings support the growing role of blood tau as a potential biomarker for assessing neuronal injury and monitoring neurological disease.
Available on the following platforms:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
The Simoa® Human Total Tau assay uses a combination of monoclonal antibodies that target the epitope in the N-terminal to mid-domain (R1) of the molecule, designed to recognize all six known splice variants. Quanterix’s Simoa Tau 2.0 Kit has demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various research applications, particularly in the field of neurology and neurodegenerative diseases. This kit has been extensively used for the ultrasensitive and precise measurement of tau protein levels in diverse biological samples, including plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and conditioned media from cerebral organoids. The Simoa Tau 2.0 Kit has enabled researchers to accurately quantify total tau, phosphorylated tau (such as p-tau181, p-tau217, and p-tau231), and brain-derived tau, providing crucial insights into the pathological mechanisms of diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Its application in measuring tau species has been vital for distinguishing between different disease states, assessing disease progression, and understanding the impact of various conditions, such as traumatic brain injury and preeclampsia, on neurodegeneration. Additionally, the kit’s utility extends to the evaluation of blood-brain barrier integrity, the assessment of neuroglial injuries, and the identification of predictive biomarkers for cognitive decline and dementia. The consistent and sensitive performance of the Simoa Tau 2.0 Kit has significantly advanced the understanding of tau protein’s role in neurodegenerative diseases, making it an indispensable tool in neuroscientific research.
Fujirebio Lumipulse G1200
The Lumipulse G Total Tau assay from Fujirebio Inc has been extensively utilized across numerous studies to measure total tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and brain tissue, significantly contributing to the understanding and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related neurodegenerative conditions. This assay has been instrumental in differentiating AD from other forms of dementia, assessing disease progression, and identifying critical biomarkers for early detection and monitoring. Elevated total tau levels have been consistently associated with neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and amyloid-β pathology, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value. The Lumipulse G Total Tau assay has been pivotal in exploring the relationship between tau levels and various biomarkers, genetic factors, and clinical outcomes. It has been used to assess the impact of treatments, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposures on tau pathology and cognitive functions. The assay’s high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy have made it a valuable tool for clinical and research applications, facilitating advancements in the understanding of disease mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic strategies. In addition to AD, the assay has been applied to studies on other neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and multiple sclerosis, where it has helped in distinguishing between different disease subtypes and understanding their underlying pathology. The assay’s versatility and reliability have underscored its importance in biomarker research, contributing significantly to the development of diagnostic algorithms and therapeutic interventions. Despite some limitations, such as capturing only a fraction of the highly variable tau protein and variability in detection across different laboratories, the Lumipulse G Total Tau assay remains a critical tool in neurodegenerative disease research. Its consistent performance and ability to provide precise quantification of total tau levels have significantly advanced the scientific understanding of disease mechanisms, diagnosis, and potential therapeutic targets.
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family, which includes NGF, NT-3, and NT-4/5. This family is likely derived from a common ancestral gene and share similar sequences and structures. BDNF has a molecular weight of ~27 kDa and exists as a homodimer. It shares a common cysteine knot structure with the other members of the neurotrophin family. BDNF is associated with almost all aspects of the nervous system, promoting neuronal survival and differentiation, modulating synaptic plasticity, synapse formation, neuronal excitability, LTP, etc. It has important roles within the development of the nervous system into adulthood. Several studies have demonstrated possible links to various disease states and conditions including: Alzheimer’s disease, OCD, depression, Huntington’s disease, schizophrenia and dementia.
Available on the following platform:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
The BDNF Discovery Kit from Quanterix has been instrumental in numerous studies, providing precise measurements of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in various biological samples. In studies focused on neurological health, the kit was used to measure BDNF in blood, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, facilitating significant findings. For example, the kit helped demonstrate that exercise elevates BDNF levels in CSF, contributing to insights about brain health. In individuals with Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1), the kit revealed significant decreases in serum BDNF levels, correlating with disease severity. For patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the BDNF Discovery Kit was crucial in identifying potential biomarkers for disability and cognitive improvement, as well as in evaluating the neuroprotective effects of aerobic training. Similarly, in Parkinson’s disease patients, the kit quantified BDNF levels, providing valuable insights into neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity. Furthermore, the BDNF Discovery Kit played a key role in understanding cognitive changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and in monitoring disease progression and treatment response in Huntington’s disease models. Additionally, the kit was used to analyze BDNF levels in patients with gynecological cancers, providing insights into the correlation between biomarkers and the severity of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN). Overall, the BDNF Discovery Kit has been vital in advancing our understanding of neurological diseases and the role of BDNF in neuroprotection and cognitive function
Alpha-Synuclein
Alpha-synuclein is a neuronal protein primarily localized at presynaptic terminals, where it plays an important role in synaptic vesicle trafficking, neurotransmitter release, and maintenance of normal synaptic function. In Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies, alpha-synuclein undergoes misfolding and aggregation, leading to the formation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, hallmark pathological features associated with neurodegeneration. Measurement of alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, or serum can provide valuable insight into underlying disease processes and central nervous system pathology. As a result, alpha-synuclein is being actively investigated as a biomarker for the early detection, diagnosis, disease staging, and therapeutic monitoring of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders.
Available on the following platform:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
The Simoa Alpha-Synuclein (Total) Advantage PLUS Assay is a digital immunoassay intended for the quantification of total alpha-synuclein in human serum, EDTA plasma, and CSF samples, enabling research in Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies. This assay is for research use only and not for diagnostic applications.
Aβ40 & Aβ42
Aβ40 is a 40-amino-acid peptide generated through the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase and γ-secretase enzymes. Along with Aβ42 and the shorter Aβ38 isoform, Aβ40 is one of the principal amyloid beta peptides produced throughout the body, with particularly high expression in the central nervous system. These peptides are released under normal physiological conditions but can accumulate abnormally in neurodegenerative disease.
Accumulation of amyloid beta in the form of extracellular plaques is a hallmark pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is believed to play a central role in disease pathogenesis. Aβ40 is the most abundant amyloid beta species in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, typically occurring at concentrations 10 to 20 times higher than Aβ42. Alterations in amyloid beta levels have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, and other cognitive disorders. In particular, a reduction in the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio has been consistently linked to cerebral amyloid pathology and is increasingly recognized as a valuable biomarker for the detection and monitoring of AD progression.
Available on the following platforms:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
Aβ40 and Aβ42 are available in one multiplex assay format:
Fujirebio Lumipulse G1200
The Lumipulse G β-Amyloid 1-40 assay is intended to be used in conjunction with Lumipulse G β-Amyloid 1-42 assay to determine the amyloid ratio (β-amyloid1-42 / β-amyloid1-40 ratio) in the clinical setting of dementia diagnosis.
This CSF amyloid ratio (β-amyloid1-42 / β-amyloid1-40 ratio) is intended to be used as an aid for diagnosis in patients with cognitive impairment who are being evaluated for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other causes of cognitive decline
Common Cytokine’s
IFN-γ
Human interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a dimeric cytokine with subunits of 146 amino acids. Mature human IFN-γ exists as a non-covalently linked homodimer of 20-25 kDa variably glycosylated subunits. IFN-γ does not display significant homology with the other two interferons, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Murine and human IFN-γ show approximately 40% sequence homology at the protein level. IFN-γ is expressed by Th1 cells, Tc cells, dendritic cells and natural killer cells, especially under inflammation conditions. IFN-γ binds to its heterodimeric receptor IFN-γR and related complex for biological function. It plays a key role in host defense by promoting the development and activation of Th1 cells, chemoattraction and activation of monocytes and macrophages, upregulation of antigen presentation molecules, and immunoglobulin class switching in B cells. In addition, IFN-γ functions as an anti-inflammatory mediator by promoting the development of regulatory T cells and inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation. It also exhibits antiviral, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects. IFN-γ is also an attractive drug target for immuno-regulatory diseases.
IL-1β
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β, catabolin) is a 269 aa cytokine (31 kDa), produced by activated macrophages as a proprotein which is proteolytically processed to its active
form by caspase-1. IL-1β is an important mediator of the inflammatory response involved in a variety of cellular activities including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and autoinflammatory diseases. Monocytes from patients with autoinflammatory syndromes release more processed IL-1β than cells from healthy subjects suggesting that it is involved in inflammation of these diseases. Neutralization of IL-1β results in rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity. Although some autoinflammatory diseases are due to gain-of-function mutations for caspase-1 activity, common diseases such as gout, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, recurrent pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and smouldering myeloma are also responsive to IL-1β neutralization.
IL-2
InterIL-2 is a potent pleiotropic cytokine primarily produced by CD4+ T cells upon antigen activation. IL-2 plays an important immune-modulating roles in resting and activated states of the immune system. It promotes the proliferation of cytotoxic effector cells that help the body fight against infections and eliminate cancer cells. It is also required for the expansion of Treg cells that are key for maintaining immune tolerance. IL-2 has therapeutic implications in immunotherapy, autoimmune disease and transplantation.
IL-4
Human Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a monomeric cytokine, approximately 13-18 kDa, expressed by Th2-biased CD4+ T cells, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. IL-4 has a compact, globular fold (similar to other cytokines) stabilized by 3 disulphide bonds. Mature human IL-4 shares 55%, 39%, and 43% amino acid sequence identity with bovine, mouse, and rat IL-4, respectively. By binding to IL-4 receptor or receptor complex, IL-4 has many biological functions. It promotes cell proliferation, survival, and immunoglobulin class switch to IgG4 and IgE in human B cells, acquisition of the Th2 phenotype by naïve CD4+ T cells, priming and chemotaxis of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils, and the proliferation and activation of epithelial cells. IL-4 plays an important role in the development of allergic inflammation and asthma.
IL-5
Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a cytokine which is predominantly associated with antigen-induced eosinophilia. The activation of T Helper 2 (Th2) cells leads to the production of IL-5. IL-5 consists of two identical polypeptide chains composed of 115 amino acids (molecular weight 45kDa). Several studies correlate higher levels of IL-5 with inflammatory disorders such as angioedema, eosinophilia, multiple sclerosis, persistent asthma, and cow’s milk allergy in newborn infants.
IL-6
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an alpha-helical cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions, including inducement of acute phase reactions, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and cancer progression. It is secreted by multiple cell types as a 22k-28k dalton phosphorylated and variably glycosylated molecule. Mature human IL-6 is 183 amino acids (aa) in length and shares 41% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat IL-6. IL-6 is secreted by T cells and macrophages to induce immune responses following tissue trauma leading to inflammation. IL-6 also acts as an anti-inflammatory myokine, secreted by muscles during contraction after which it acts to increase breakdown of fats and improve insulin resistance. Because of its role in inducing inflammation and auto-immune response, there is interest in developing anti-IL-6 agents as potential therapies against various diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.
IL-8
Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a cytokine of 72 amino acids (molecular weight 8 kDa) whose primary role is induction of chemotaxis in neutrophils, basophils, and T-cells, causing them to migrate to the site of infection. IL-8 also induces phagocytosis by the target cells. IL-8 is secreted by cells involved in the immune response to antigens, typically starting with macrophages, which release IL-8 to recruit other cells. Secretion of IL-8 is increased by oxidant stress, which thereby cause the recruitment of inflammatory cells, inducing a further increase in oxidant stress mediators, making it a key parameter in localized inflammation. IL-8 elevation has been associated with a range of clinical conditions, including psoriasis, chronic hepatitis C, and thyroid disease. IL-8 has recently been identified as a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases.
IL-10
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an alpha-helical, homodimeric cytokine, each subunit composed of 178 amino acids (18 kDa). The major role of IL-10 is to act as an antiinflammatory cytokine. It is produced primarily by monocytes, type 2 T helper cells and B cells. IL-10 is also released by cytotoxic T cells to inhibit the action of natural killer cells during the immune response to viral infection. It has multiple effects in immunoregulation and inflammation, including down regulation of Th1 cytokine expression, MHC class II antigens, and stimulatory molecules on macrophages. IL-10 can also inhibit synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g, IL-2, TNFa and GM-CSF made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 is among cytokines secreted by muscle cells, whose elevation during physical activity suggests that exercise promotes an environment of anti-inflammatory cytokines. IL-10 has garnered interest as a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic, but initial studies with rheumatoid arthritis have shown limited efficacy.
IL-13
IL-13 is secreted mainly by activated T-helper type 2 cells. It is a key mediator in allergic asthma, regulating eosinophilic inflammation, mucus production, and airway hyperresponsiveness. IL-13 also influences apoptosis and tumor growth in cancers such as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease.
IL-12p70
Interleukin-12, p70 (IL-12 p70) is a disulfide-linked heterodimeric 70-kDa cytokine composed of a 197 amino acid 35-kDA (p35) subunit and a 306 amino acid 40-kDa (p40) subunit. It is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages and human B-lymphoblastoid cells in response to antigenic stimulation. IL-12 stimulates growth and function of T cells, production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and reduces IL-4-mediated suppression of IFN-γ. IL-12 has been reported to be associated with autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Increased IL-12 plasma levels may also be detected in patients with neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
IL-17A
IL-17A is produced by T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and drives proinflammatory responses by recruiting monocytes and neutrophils to inflammation sites. It is associated with various immune and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, lupus, allograft rejection, and psoriasis.
IL-22
IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 superfamily of cytokines. These cytokines are pleiotropic, affecting a wide range of immune functions. IL-22 is produced by Dendritic, T, and Innate Lymphoid cells and can be found in a wide range of tissues. Biological activity of IL-22 is initiated through interactions with IL-22R1 and IL-10R2, as well as IL-22BP1 and is regulated by IL-17A. IL-22 activation plays a role in the initiation and regulation of nonspecific immune response. IL-22 is associated with psoriasis; serum levels of the cytokine correlate with the severity of the disease. Emerging evidence suggests that IL-22 can play a role in other autoimmune disorders such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Multiple Sclerosis, perhaps due to its role in inflammatory responses, which are regulated by IL-17A. IL-22 has also been implicated as a Reg gene regulator promoting β-cell production in Type 1 diabetes. The Total IL-22 Discovery assay detects free IL-22 and IL-22 bound to IL-22BP.
TNFα
Human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a homotrimeric transmembrane protein that functions as a proinflammatory cytokine. It is produced mainly by macrophages but also by a variety of other cell types, including monocytes, neutrophils, and T-cells. The involvement of TNFα in several signal transduction pathways links the protein to such diverse functions as acute inflammation, apoptosis, septic shock, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Human TNFα is a non-glycosylated protein of 157 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 17,000 daltons. The clinical relevance of TNFα stems from its association with numerous disease states including rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, cachexia, and Crohn’s disease.
Available on the following platforms:
Quanterix Simoa HD-X
The Simoa Cytokine 4-Plex A (C4PA) Advantage PLUS Assay measures IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α at levels as low as fg/mL, providing reliable quantification of these key inflammatory cytokines.
The Simoa® Cytokine 4-Plex B (C4PB) Advantage PLUS Assay measures IL-17A, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 at levels as low as fg/mL, providing reliable quantification of these key proinflammatory cytokines. The levels of these 4 cytokines measured in blood offer valuable insights into inflammation and immune responses to various conditions, including infections, allergens, injuries, cancers, and immunotherapy.
The Simoa® Cytokine 4-Plex C (C4PC) Advantage PLUS Assay measures IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ at levels as low as fg/mL, providing reliable quantification of these key proinflammatory cytokines. The levels of these 4 cytokines measured in blood offer valuable insights into inflammation and immune responses to various conditions, including infections, injuries, cancers, and medical interventions such as immunotherapy.
Quanterix Simoa SP-X
The Simoa CorPlex Human Cytokine 10-plex Panel 1 assay (CPX) simultaneously measures ten important cytokines in blood. The ten targets are Interferon gamma (IFNγ), IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-22, and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα).
*The SP-X CorPlex panel is customizable. You can reduce the number of analytes to lower the overall cost. Please specify in the quote form.
Fujirebio Lumipulse G1200
The IL 6 Interleukin LPG from Fujirebio Inc has been extensively utilized across various studies to measure interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, demonstrating its versatility and reliability in different clinical and research contexts. This product has played a crucial role in assessing the inflammatory status in conditions such as chronic hepatitis C, acute myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, and various other inflammatory and infectious diseases. The chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) method employed by this product has enabled accurate and sensitive detection of IL-6, contributing significantly to the understanding of the pathophysiology and progression of these diseases. In studies involving patients with chronic hepatitis C, elevated baseline IL-6 levels and their decrease during treatment were correlated with therapeutic outcomes, suggesting IL-6 as a potential biomarker for predicting treatment response. Similarly, in patients with acute myocardial infarction, elevated IL-6 levels were linked to the development of euthyroid sick syndrome, highlighting the role of inflammation in thyroid hormone metabolism. The product’s application in surgical studies, including major and minor surgeries, revealed a correlation between IL-6 levels and postoperative immune responses, such as lymphocyte count reduction and T cell apoptosis. In postoperative patients, IL-6 measurements provided insights into the immune response and stress-induced apoptosis, aiding in the understanding of the body’s recovery mechanisms. In infectious disease research, the IL 6 Interleukin LPG was instrumental in diagnosing intra-amniotic infection by setting a specific threshold for IL-6 concentration in amniotic fluid. This capability was also vital in assessing the inflammatory response in bacterial meningitis and other central nervous system infections, aiding in differential diagnosis and treatment planning. Furthermore, the product’s use in metabolic and inflammatory disease studies, such as those involving type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity, provided valuable insights into the relationship between inflammation and disease progression. Elevated IL-6 levels were correlated with various metabolic parameters, contributing to the understanding of the inflammatory component in these conditions. In cancer research, the IL 6 Interleukin LPG was employed to measure IL-6 levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, providing essential data on the inflammatory response and potential biomarkers for disease recurrence. Additionally, in studies on neurodegenerative diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, IL-6 measurements helped in understanding the inflammatory processes and potential diagnostic markers. Overall, the IL 6 Interleukin LPG from Fujirebio Inc has proven to be a valuable tool in clinical and research settings, providing accurate and reliable measurements of IL-6 that have significantly contributed to the understanding of various inflammatory, infectious, and metabolic diseases.